The likely first mention of Jerusalem was when Abraham met Melchizedek, the king of Salem, as in Jeru-Salem. The first specific mention is when Joshua and the Israelites confront the king of Jerusalem. Shortly thereafter, Jerusalem is identified to be the same city as Jebus.
With that information, Jebusites are mentioned in Genesis to Judges. In the book of Judges, it is not clear whether the Israelites did or did not conquer Jebus, or if they conquered it for a short period of time. It is also not clear whether the people of Judah or Benjamin were to conquer the city, but it was most likely Judah.
Imagine David as a shepherd boy, tending sheep a few miles away from Bethlehem, sometimes almost in the shadow of Jerusalem. It must have rankled him that his own tribe could not defeat that one hilltop city. It must have goaded him to the point that the first thing he did after killing Goliath was to take his bloody head to Jerusalem as a warning.
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